Explanatory Notes on Main
Statistical Indicators
Administrative Division
refers to the division of administrative areas by the state. The
Constitution of the People’s Republic of China stipulates that the
administrative areas in China are divided as: 1) The whole country is divided
into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the
central government; 2) Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into
autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities; 3) Autonomous
prefectures are divided into counties, autonomous counties and cities; 4)
Counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, nationality
townships and towns; 5) Municipalities and large cities are divided into districts
and counties; 6) The state shall, when necessary, establish special
administrative regions.
Territory refers to territorial land, sea
and air space under the administration of the People’s Republic of
Climate
refers to the natural environmental status formed by the long-time
exchange of energy and mass between the earth and the air, and is the results
of interaction of many factors. Climate is both one of the environment factors
and the important resources for the living and production activities of the
human being. The average values across several years of meteorological factors
such as temperature, rainfall and humidity are used as important parameters to
describe the climate of a region, while the average values (or total values) of
a given year of month of meteorological factors reflect the key characteristics
of climate for that period of time.
Natural Resources
refer to material resources that could be obtained from the nature by
human being and used for production and living. Natural resources in general
can be classified as renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Renewable
resources refer to resources that could be renewed and recycled during a
relatively short period of time, including land resource, water resource, climate
resource, biology resource and marine resource. Non-renewable resources include
resources that could not be renewed, such as minerals and geothermal resource.
Land Resource Land refers to the surface of the earth,
consisting of mainly rocks and its weathering and earth. Land resource can be
classified, by its utilization, as land for agriculture, land for construction
and unused land. Land for agriculture included cultivated land, plantation
land, forestland, grassland and waters. Land for construction included land for
residential purpose, for manufacturing and mining, for transportation and for
water-conservancy projects. Unused land refers to land other than land for
agriculture and construction, including beaches, deserts,
Area of Cultivated Land refers to area of land reclaimed
for the regular cultivation of various farm crops, including cropcover land,
fallow, newly reclaimed land and land laid idle for less than 3 years.
Area of Afforestated Land refer of Land for trees Bamboo,
bushes and mangrove, including forest-cover land, bush-covered land, sparse
forest land, land planned for afforestation and nurseries of young trees.
Area of Grassland
refers to areas of grassland, grass-slopes and grass-covered hills with
a vegetation-covering rate of over 5% that are used for animal husbandry or
harvesting of grass. It includes natural, cultivated and improved grassland
areas.
Forest Resource refers to forests, trees, forestland and
wild animals, plants and microorganism that live on forest and trees. Trees
include trees and bamboo.
Total Standing Stock Volume refers to the total stock volume
of trees growing in land, including trees in forest, tress in sparse forest,
scattered trees and trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and
along roads and rivers.
Forest Area
refers to the area of forestland where trees and bamboo grow with canopy
density above 0.2, including land of natural woods and planted woods, but
excluding bush land and thin forestland. It reflects the total areas of
afforestation.
Stock Volume of Forest refers to total stock volume of
wood growing in forest area, which shows the total size and level of forest
resources of a country or a region. It is also an important indicator
illustration the richness of forest resource and the status of forest
ecological environment.
Forest Coverage Rate refers to the ratio to the ratio
of area of afforested land to total land area. This indicator shows the forest
resources and afforestation progress of a country or a region. According to
regulations of the government, in addition to afforested land, the area of bush
forest, the area of forest land inside farm land and the area of trees planted
by the side of farm houses and along the roads, rivers and fields should also
be included in the area of afforested land in the calculation of the forest
coverage-rate. The formula for calculation forest coverage rate is as follows.
Forestry coverage rate (%) = (Area of
Water Resource
Water exists in the nature in solid, liquid and gaseous states, is distributed
in the ocean, land (including earth) and air, and constitutes the water
resource through the circulation of water. Water resource includes the surface
water and under-ground water that is controlled by the human being for
irrigation, power-generation, water supply, navigation and cultivation. It also
includes rivers, Lakes, wells, springs, tides, and gulf and water area for
cultivation. Water resource as an important natural resource is indispensable
for the development of the national economy.
Surface Water and Underground Water Water on earth can be divided into
surface water and underground water according to its distribution. Surface
water refers to moisture exists in rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, icecaps and
so on. It is also called land water. The underground water refers to water
deposited under-ground in the cranny and the hole of saturated rock soil and in
the water-eroded cave.
Runoff
refers to the water gathered at the way out of the cross section of
drainage area either from the surface or underground after deducting the
wastage of the precipitation. Runoff can be divided into surface runoff,
underground runoff and within soil runoff. Surface runoff refers to water flow
to the rivers, lakes, swamps, and seas on the surface of the earth. Underground
runoff refers to water flow to rivers, swamps, and seas through the
water-bearing stratum of confined layer or unconfined layer.
Volume of Runoff
refers to the total volume of water running through a certain cross
section of a river during a certain period of time, reflecting the water
resource condition in a country or a region. The formula for calculating volume
or runoff is as follows: Runoff=Precipitation-Evaporation
Mineral Resources
refer to useful minerals that can be used for industrial or agricultural
purposes enriched in lithosphere or on earth due to the geological process.
Minerals are important natural resources, and important material base for
social development.
Ensured Mineral Reserves refer to the actual mineral reserves, which
equal to the proven mineral reserves (including industrial reserves and
prospective reserves) minus extracted parts and underground losses.
Temperature
refers to the air temperature.
Monthly average temperature is the summation of average daily
temperature of one month divided by the actual days of that particular month.
Annual average temperature is the summation of monthly
average of a year divided by 12 months.
Relative Humidity
refers to the ratio of actual water vapor pressure to the saturation
water vapor pressure under the current temperature. The calculation method is
the same as that of temperature.
Volume of Precipitation refers to the deepness of liquid
state of solid state (thawed) water falling from the sky to the ground that has
not been evaporated, infiltrated or run off. The calculation method is as
follows:
Monthly precipitation is the summation of daily
precipitation of a month.
Annual precipitation is the summation of 12 months’
precipitation of a year.
Sunshine Hours
refer to the actual hours of sun irradiating the earth. The calculation
method is the same as that of the precipitation.
Comparable Prices
refer to prices that are used to remove the factors of price change in
calculating economic aggregates, so as to facilitate comparison of aggregates
over time. Two methods are used for calculating economic aggregates at
comparable prices: (a) Multiplying the output of products by their constant
prices of certain year. (b) Deflation of data at current prices by relevant
price index.
Constant Price
refers to the average price of a given product in certain year, which is
used for comparison of output value over time. As the output value at constant
prices removers the factor of price changes, it reflects the trend of
production development over time. Since 1949,with the changes in general price
level, the State Statistical Bureau has issued nationally unified constant
prices five times: the 1952 constant prices for 1949-1957;the 1957 constant
prices for 1957-1971;the 1970 constant prices for 1971-1981;the 1980 constant
prices for 1981-1990; and the 1990 constant prices have been used since 1991.
Average Annual Growth Rate Two methods for calculating
average annual growth rate are applied in China, one is often called level
approach, or the method of calculating geometric average, which is derived by
comparing the level of the last year of the interval with that of the beginning
year; the other is called accumulative approach or algebraic average or
equation method, which is derived by the summation of the actual figure of each
year in the interval divided by the figure in the base year. Usually the
results calculated by the two methods are fairly close, but they differed
sharply when uneven economic development occurred with striking fluctuations in
growth.
The
average annual growth rates listed in this statistical yearbook are generally calculated
by “level approach”. The base years are not listed when the years are listed
for average annual growth rates. For instance, the average annual growth rate
of 43 years since 1949 is listed as average annual growth rate of 1950-1992
without listing the base year 1949.And the analogy of this is also the same for
the rest of the years.
Industrial
Classification of the National Economy
The new Industrial Classification
of the National Economy (GB/T 4754-2002) is introduced starting from the
compilation of 2003 annual statistics. The revision of the 1994 classification
was organized by the National Bureau of Statistics taking into consideration of
the International Standards of the
Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC/Rev.3) of the
United Nations, and the new Classification was promulgated by the National Administration
of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine on
Registration Status of Enterprises is classified into 3 categories,
namely domestic-funded enterprises, enterprises with foreign investment, in the
light of the registration status of an enterprise in industrial and commercial
administration agencies. Domestic-funded enterprises include state-owned
enterprises, collective-owned enterprises, cooperative enterprises, joint
ownership enterprises, limited liability corporations, share-holding
corporations Ltd., private enterprises and other enterprises. Included in the
enterprises with investment from Hong Kong,
State-owned
Enterprises refer to non-corporation economic
units where the entire assets are owned by the state and which have registered
in accordance with the Regulation of the
People’s Republic of China on the Management of Registration of Corporate
Enterprises. Excluded from this category are sole state-funded corporations
in the limited liability corporations.
Collective-owned
Enterprises refer to economic units where the
assets are owned collectively and which have registered in accordance with the Regulation of the People’s Republic of China
on the Management of Registration of Corporate Enterprises.
Cooperative
Enterprises refer to a form of collective
economic units (enterprises) where capitals come mainly from employees as their
shares, with certain proportion of capital from the outside, where production
is organized on the basis of independent operation, independent accounting for
profits and losses, joint work, democratic management, and a distribution
system that integrates remuneration according to work with dividend according
to capital share.
Joint Ownership
Enterprises refer to economic units
established by two or more corporate enterprises or corporate institutions of
the same or different ownership, through joint investment on the basis of
equality, voluntary participation and mutual benefits. They include state joint
ownership enterprises, collective joint ownership enterprises, joint
state-collective enterprises, other joint ownership enterprises.
Limited Liability
Corporations refer to economic units
established with investment from 2-50 investors and registered in accordance
with the Regulation of the People’s
Republic of China on the Management of Registration of Corporations, each
investor bearing limited liability to the corporation depending on its share of
investment, and the corporation bearing liability to its debt to the maximum of
its total assets. Limited liability corporations include exclusive state-funded
limited liability corporations and other limited liability corporations.
Share holding
Corporations Ltd. refer to economic units registered
in accordance with the Regulation of the
People’s Republic of China on the Management of Registration of Corporations,
with total registered capitals divided into equal shares and raised through
issuing stocks. Each investor bears limited liability to the corporation
depending on the holding of shares, and the corporation bears liability to its
debt to the maximum of its total assets.
Private Enterprises refer to profit-making economic
units invested and established by natural persons, or controlled by natural
persons using employed labor. Included in this category are private limited
liability corporations, private share-holding corporations Ltd., private
partnership enterprises and private-funded enterprises registered in accordance
with the Corporation Law, Partnership
Enterprises Law and Interim Regulations on Private Enterprise.
Other Domestic-funded
Enterprises refer to domestic-funded economic units
other than those mentioned above.
Joint-venture Enterprises with Funds from Hong
Kong, Macao and Taiwan refer to enterprises jointly established
by invertors from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan with enterprises in the mainland
of China in accordance with the Law of
the People’s Republic of China on Sino-foreign Joint Venture Enterprises
and other relevant laws, where the share of investment, profits and risks is
stipulated in the contract.
Cooperative
Enterprises with Funds from Hong Kong Macau and Taiwan established by investors from Hong
Kong, Macau and Taiwan with enterprises in the mainland of China in accordance
with the Law of the People’s Republic of
China on Sino-foreign Cooperative Enterprises and other relevant laws,
where the investment or provision of facilities, and the share of profits and
risks is stipulated in the cooperative contract.
Enterprises with Sole
(exclusive) Investment from Hong Kong, Macau and
Share-holding
Corporations Ltd. with Investment from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan refer to share-holding corporations
Ltd. established with the approval from the former Ministry of Foreign Trade
and Economic Relations in line with relevant state regulations, where the share
of investment from Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan businessmen exceeds 25% of the
total registered capital of the corporation. In case the share of investment
from Hong Kong, Macau or
Joint-venture
Enterprises with Foreign Investment
refer to enterprises jointly established by foreign enterprises or
foreigners with enterprises in the mainland of
Cooperation
Enterprises with Foreign Investment
refer to enterprises jointly established by foreign enterprises or
foreigners with enterprises in the mainland of China in accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on
Sino-foreign Cooperative Enterprises and other relevant laws, where the
investment or provision of facilities, and the share of profits and risks is stipulated
in the cooperative contract.
Enterprises with Sole
(exclusive) Foreign Investment refer to enterprises
established in the mainland of
Share-holding Corporations Ltd.
with Foreign Investment refer to share-holding corporations
Ltd. established with the approval from the Ministry of Foreign Trade and
Economic Relations in line with relevant state regulations, where the share of
investment from foreign investors exceeds 25% of the total registered capital
of the corporation. In case the share of foreign investment is less than 25% of
the total registered capital, the enterprise is to be classified as
domestic-funded share-holding corporation Ltd.
Government Agencies, Institutions and Social
Organizations are classified into following
categories by source of funds and way of management taking reference of the
registration status of enterprises:
(I) Government
agencies: include state and party agencies, classified in principle as
“state-owned”. There are exceptions, such as supply and marketing cooperatives,
which are classified, as “collective”.
(II) Institutions:
include institutions of various types established with the approval by
organization and staffing departments of the government, but exclude
institutions where enterprise management system is introduced. Institutions are
further classified as follows:
(a)
Institutions whose main budget is listed in the government budget
appropriations or extra-budget funds, or allocated from the budget of their
competent government agencies. Such institutions are classified as
“state-owned”.
(b)
Institutions whose budget mainly comes from collective units. Such institutions
are classified as “collective”.
(c)
Institutions other than those mentioned above whose source of budget are not
clear. Such institutions are classified by way of management.
(III) Social
organizations: include social organizations established with the approval from
the Ministry of Civil Affairs, and organizations that are not covered by social
organization management regulations such as trade unions, women’s federations
etc. Social organizations are further classified as follows:
(a)
Social organizations that are not covered by social organization management
regulations of the Ministry of Civil Affairs such as trade unions, women’s
federations, communist youth leagues, youth associations, industrial and
commerce associations, scientists associations, overseas Chinese associations,
etc., foundations and fund management organizations established with founds
from the state, and social organizations whose funds mainly come from the
budget of their competent government agencies. Such institutions are classified
as “state-owned”.
(b)
Social organizations whose budget mainly comes from collective units. Such
institutions are classified as “collective”.
(c)
Social organizations established by individual or a group of citizens, which
are classified as “private”.
(d)
Social organizations other than those mentioned above whose source of budget
are not clear. Such organizations are classified by way of management.